recurrent pregnancy loss→3 consecutive spontaneous abortions
| Causes of recurrent pregnancy loss | |
|---|---|
| Structural | • Uterine: fibroids, adhesions, polyps |
| • Cervical insufficiency | |
| Chromosomal | • Aneuploidy |
| • Translocations/rearrangements | |
| • Mosaicism | |
| Immunologic/hematologic | • Hypercoagulable disorders (eg, antiphospholipid syndrome) |
| • Alloimmune intolerance | |
| Endocrine | • Thyroid disease |
| • Polycystic ovary syndrome | |
| • Diabetes mellitus | |
| • Hyperprolactinemia | |
| Other | • Advancing maternal age |
| • Defective endometrial receptivity | |
| • Decreased ovarian reserve | |
| • Celiac disease |
Initial work-up for these patients includes pelvic ultrasound, karyotype, and testing for antiphospholipid syndrome